Water reuse: begin with the intended use

Characterise before treatment

Flows, variability, solids, organic load, pathogens and specific pollutants determine the strategy.

Define useful quality

Irrigation, cleaning, industrial processes and potable water do not require the same barriers or controls.

Choose a maintainable train

Nature-based treatment, biological processes, filtration, membranes and physico-chemical options are compared through footprint, energy, reagents, sludge and available skills.